hobicuya's
version from
2008-06-12 19:44
India
| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Monhenjo-Daro & Harappa | twin cities, Harappan civ, advanced buildings, farmed & wrote, declined ~1700 bc |
| Vedic Age | age of indo-aryan polytheism, caste system, led to new religions/culture |
| Vedas | a collection of prayers/hymns of the indo-aryan relig that characterized the vedic age |
| Upanishads | writings of people who questioned vedic authority, brought about Vedanta (end of age) |
| Epics | two stories of the vedic relig |
| Mahabharata | epic about civil war, stresses acting the part of one’s class |
| Bhagavad Gita | part of Mahabharata, stresses the moral (^) |
| Ramayana | epic about hero and wife separated & reunited, shows example of good marriage |
| Aryans/Indo-Aryans | people who migrated to India from north, brought relig of vedic age |
| Caste System | new social system in vedic, 4 classes + pariahs (kshatriyas, Brahmins, vaisyas, sudras) |
| Varna | a social caste |
| Jati | subdivisions of social castes |
| Hinduism | new relig that emerged, no longer polytheistic |
| Bhakti Hinduism | Hinduism where people can worship their own personal god/manifestation of brahma |
| Monism | not polytheistic, but brahma is an essence that fills everything and manifests as dieties |
| Paramparas | variations on Hinduism, spread by gurus (teacher > student, becomes teacher, etc) |
| Samsara | the world of suffering, reborn in it until become one with brahma |
| Maya | illusion that hides real world, causes suffering, want to tell maya from reality |
| Karma | positive or negative force created by actions, determines status in next life |
| Dharma | fulfillment of moral duty |
| Siddhartha Gautama | the Buddha, renounced possessions and meditated until Enlightenment, became buddha |
| Buddhism | following of ^, want to achieve nirvana |
| Theraveda | traditional branch of Buddhism, Buddha is a teacher and leader |
| Mahayana | nontraditional branch of Buddhism, Buddha is a god and savior, had priests, temples, etc |
| Susruta | doctor, practiced cleanliness |
| The Mauryan Empire | new kingdom after the vedic age, consisted of all of northern India |
| Chandragupta Maurya | took control of a city, raised army and expanded to conquer all of n. India & start ^ |
| Asoka | grandson of C.M., violent, expanded over nearly all of India, later gave up violence & became budd. |
| Chandra Gupta I & II | rulers of the Gupta dynasty, controlled n. India and ruled over golden age |
| memorize |
China
| Term | Definition |
|---|
| China Proper | main, central polit region of china |
| The Shang Dynasty | 1st definite dynasty, bronze, oracle bones |
| The Zhou Dynasty | mandate of heaven, feudal states w/ no cent govt, Daoism and Confucianism |
| Mandate of Heaven | idea that rulers were chosen by will of god, leaders could gain and lose mandate |
| The Qin Dynasty | first Chinese empire, unified, great wall, autocracy |
| Qin Shihuangdi | unified china, standardized everything, built great wall, harsh, censorship |
| The Han Dynasty | influential and long, golden age, pax sinica and silk road, paper |
| Liu Bang/King of Han | commoner who revolted against Qin, called king of han, started han dynasty |
| Wu Di | longest han emp, expanded, civil service, leveling, pax sinica, silk road, paper, golden age |
| Leveling | new econ policy that evened out effects of good and bad harvest years |
| Pax Sinica | “Chinese peace”, time of peace after wu di conquered nomads |
| Daoism | way of nature, against work, disapproved of the unnatural |
| Laozi | founder of Daoism, wrote the classic of the way and its power, shunned politics, power, wealth |
| Confucianism | filial piety, liked order and harmony, analects, humans are naturally bad, improve w/ edu |
| Legalism | shi huang di, human nature is corrupt, good govt comes from rule of law, stick>carrot |
| Sui Dynasty | short, reunited china, grand canal |
| Tang Dynasty | golden age, lit/poetry, mostly budd but Confucianism increased |
| Empress Wu | Tang empress, only female ruler ever, strong Buddhist |
| Song Dynasty | trade & arts, better civ service system, bigger cities |
| Silk Road | trade route from china to Mediterranean, under wu di/pax sinica, prosperous trade |
| Mongols (china) | Mongols controlled china in 1206-1368, prospered and expanded |
| Genghis Khan | mongol who led conquest of china in 1206, good tactics |
| Kublai Khan | ruled over height of mongol control of china, started mongol yuan dynasty |
| memorize |
Greece
| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Sparta | city state, militant, aristocracy, large oppressed slave class (helots) |
| Athens | city state, birth of democracy, education |
| Draco | Athenian archon, created written law code |
| Solon | Athenian archon, cancelled debts of poor, outlawed debt slavery, created class system based on wealth |
| Peisistratus | seized power as tyrant in Athens, improved economy, exiled rivals, took rich land gave & to poor |
| Cleisthenes | instated direct democracy, ended div of classes, divided into tribes that met in council of 500 |
| Pedagogue | greek male slave who taught a young boy |
| Sophist | greek teachers before philosophers who taught rhetoric and emphasized memorization |
| persian wars | persia had territory in Greece, greeks revolted, Persian darius invaded Greece in retaliation |
| battle of marathon | Athenians defeated Persians & Darius to win the 1st Persian war |
| 2nd Persian war | xerxes invaded and 300 spartans defended, Persians defeated by athens |
| themistocles | Athenian general who defeated the Persian navy at salamis |
| delian league | system of alliances betw city-states led by athens |
| pericles | ruler of Athenian empire, presided over golden age, almost completely democratic |
| peloponnesian war | Sparta resented Athenian leadership, surrounded Athens, eventually won |
| myron | sculptor, discus thrower, people in action |
| phidias | athenas, zeus, giant statues of gods |
| praxiteles | sculptor, lifelike, delicate, admired body |
| Socrates | criticized Athenian edu, esp rhetoric, criticized democracy, edu/thinking very important |
| Plato | theory of forms, dialogues, the republic (ideal society), wanted aristocracy of intelligence |
| Aristotle | logical, examined principles of govt; thought best to have big mid class, midground of govt types |
| Hippocrates | founder of medicine, diseases are natural, Hippocratic oath |
| Herodotus | father of history, exaggerated, Persian wars |
| Thucydides | historian, unbiased, Peloponnesian war |
| Phillip II of Macedonia | Macedonian, recruited paid army, conquered greece |
| alexander the great | son of phillip ii, conquered, intentionally spread helen. culture, divine monarch |
| Archimedes | greatest scientist of Hellenistic period, pi, lever |
| Cynicism | school of thought, live according to nature; pleasure wealth & social class are bad, Diogenes |
| Stoicism | school of thought, divine reason directs world, must do as gods direct, Zeno |
| Skepticism | school of thought, no definite knowledge, (everything always changing), Pyrrho |
| Epicureanism | school of thought, aim of life to seek pleasure, want to limit desires, Epicurus |
| memorize |
Rome
| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Consuls | executive roman official |
| Praetors | judicial roman official |
| Censors | take census, moral police |
| first punic war | rome vs carthage, rome built navy and won |
| second punic war | carthage invaded rome, romans invaded Africa and won there, ended up w/ helen. world too |
| Hannibal | Spanish general for carthage who invaded rome, successful but had to turn back & was defeated |
| Scipio | roman general who invaded carthage, defeated Hannibal at the battle of Zama to win 2nd punic war |
| third punic war | rome went to carthage and burned it to the ground |
| latifundia | large roman estates acquired by wealthy romans, this was bad for poor farmers |
| colonus | new type of farmer, tenant, rented plot of land and most money went to the owner |
| tiberius & gaius gracchus | tried to legally fix the latifundia problem by gaining office and giving to poor |
| the social war | Italian allies wanted citizenship, rebelled, defeated by still granted citizenship |
| gaius marius | roman military hero, consul, revolutionized army by paying, now loyal to general not govt |
| lucius cornelius sulla | did what gracchi wanted w/ army, took over as dictator, recreated senate gave it power |
| first triumvirate | Caesar (polit power, for poor) & Pompey (army) & Crassus ($), Caesar emerges powerful |
| julius Caesar | defeats Pompey & ruled, citizenship for all, good ruler, jealous senators killed him |
| second triumvirate | Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus, lep retires and oct+ant split empire, fight & oct wins |
| octavian/augustus | became emperor, called self princes, expanded empire out until defeated in germany |
| trajan | Spanish general who ruled rome as a “good emperor”, added to empire, reached height of rome’s size |
| Hadrian | “good emperor”, arts, wall, gave back trajan’s conquest |
| Marcus aurelius | “good emperor”, educated, stoic, didn’t like war but had to defend, power to weak son |
| Diocletian | emperor, divided rome in half b/c too big, tried to stop econ decline, persecuted christians |
| pax romana | time of roman peace from augustus to marcus aurelius, good econ, unity, strong army |
| conflict of the orders | fight betw patricians and plebians for pleb rights, plebs eventually gain some |
| 12 tables | new laws to fit large empire, written down (victory for plebs), idea that law is common to everyone |
| bread & circus | during pax romana, govt gave free food and entertainment to keep the people happy |
| ptolemy | astronomer, thought earth was center of universe |
| virgil | roman poet, wrote the Aeneid, about prince who flees troy to italy, descendents are rom & rem |
| tacitus | wrote annals, criticized augustus, luxury of wealthy, decline of rome |
| reasons for decline | govt meant for small area, high expenses so disrepair, wealth concentrated in few |
| law & citizenship | ? |
| alaric | new Visigoth king, led into rome and took over |
| memorize |
Judaism/Christianity
| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Judaism | lived in Judea in rome, monotheistic, wanted independence, revolted multiple times |
| Christianity | expanded on Judaism, jesus is messiah, legitimized by jesus’ martyrdom |
| Abraham | founder of monotheism, first jew, ethical monotheism, led followers to Judea, covenant w/ god |
| David | killed goliath, became king, rules for golden age, model messiah |
| Moses | bush says free jews, plagues, leads thru desert > mt Sinai, gets commandments, dies before holy land |
| Judea | roman province in which jews were led by Abraham, live, want independence |
| Jesus | jew, preached & got following, furthered 10 commandments, feared & killed by romans |
| saul/paul | jew, converted Christian, spread Christianity, went all over, then executed in rome |
| Constantine | roman emperor, protected Christianity and created capital of constantinople |
| council at nicaea | Constantine established chris church, holy trinity and resurrection agreed upon |
| memorize |
Africa
| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Bantu | language family, spread across Africa starting in Nigeria/Cameroon |
| usufruct society | people had right to use a piece of land but not own it |
| pastoralism | herding of animals |
| dogon society | relig society in mali, advanced religion, trained soothesayers |
| sukor society | society in Nigeria, had ironworking, priests became kings, people had specialized jobs |
| pakot society | stateless, society in Kenya, cattle, self-sufficient, women govern domestic life, council of elders |
| shona society | group who had gathered in what is now Zimbabwe, created fortresses, gained wealth |
| great Zimbabwe | largest fortress of the shona, shows rapid decline in 1400s |
| Swahili | African-muslim culture in east Africa, spoke Swahili, lots of trade, divided into city-states |
| kush kingdom | arose in nubia along nile, grew apart from Egypt, peaked ~250bc |
| aksum kingdom | rival to kush, converted Christian, defeated kush, thrived until rise of islam |
| Timbuktu | big trade port in W. Africa, became center of songhay kingdom |
| Griots | storytellers, legal advice, keep genealogy of royalty |
| Sundiata | epic about kings and battle, shows unreliability of sources like it |
| Ghana | W. African kingdom, earliest, Christian, short-lived b/c attacked by muslim berbers |
| Mali | W. African kingdom, after Ghana, muslim, fell in 1400s, wealthy b/c middle of gold-salt trade |
| mansa musa | greatest leader of mali, made pilgrimage to mecca w/ 80k others |
| songhay | 3rd major W. African kingdom, centered in trading city of Gao |
| sunni ali | founder of songhay, strict govt, provinces, fleet of warships |
| memorize |
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