hobicuya's
version from
2008-06-12 19:30
Islam
| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Bedouins | arabic sheep herders, organized into tribes, traded so were influenced by other cultures |
| Muhammad | prophet of islam, saw gabriel at 40, said to teach word of Allah |
| Ka’bah | place of worship, attracted tourism, M returned & smashed idols, showed relig transition |
| Hijrah | ppl feared that M would disrupt tourism to ka’bah, he left in migration called hijrah |
| Qu’ran | holy text, god’s teachings thru M, accepts jews and Christians |
| 5 pillars | profession of faith, prayer, alms, fast in Ramadan, pilgrimage; obligations of islam |
| Hajj | pillar, pilgrimage to mecca, ka’bah, etc |
| Caliph | title of Islamic leader, means “successor to the prophet”, also polit leader of empire |
| Abu Bakr | first caliph, prevented faith from collapsing, spread north |
| Omar | successor to abu bakr as caliph, conquered and made convert or pay tribute |
| Islamic empire | spread vastly in 100 years after M died to become empire |
| Islamic expansion | spread after M died, conquered and made convert or pay tribute, became empire |
| Caliphates | three parts of Islamic empire after it split b/c of succession disputes, remained united |
| Al-Razi | muslim doctor, created encyclopedia used later in Europe |
| Ibn-Sina | philosopher/doctor, used greek info to write canon of medicine (textbook) |
| Ibn-Rushd | philosopher/doctor, wrote commentaries on plato and aristotle |
| Jihad | holy war, idea that violence ok in defense of relig, death in this was martyrdom |
| Berbers | north African tribe, converted muslim, fought Visigoths |
| ‘Ali | caliph, accused of protecting assassins of previous leader, killed |
| Mu’awiya | successor to Ali, most accepted his rule and were called Sunnis |
| Sunnis | muslims who think caliph can be anyone elected, only spiritual leader, don’t need clergy |
| Shi’ah | muslims who think only successors of Ali have authority, polit and spiritual, leader called imam |
| Sufis | muslims who aren’t sunni or shi’ah, but are muslim mystics, immaterial lifestyle |
| Seljuq Turks (Mus) | came to Baghdad, converted islam, took power from caliph & gave to sultan, golden age |
| Mongols (islam) | came from east and destroyed Baghdad, taking with it center of learning and culture |
| Ottoman Turks (Mus) | conquered Byz area, continued sultanate, minorities have self govts called millets |
| House of wisdom | intellectual place in Baghdad in golden age, destroyed by Mongols |
| Rajputs | rulers who claimed divine origins, ruled India, organized defense against the muslims |
| Kshatriya-Dharma | way of the warrior, harsh code of conduct under the rajputs |
| Mamluk Dynasty | founded by muslims who took over India in 1206 |
| Delhi Sultanate | govt of muslims in India, capital at delhi, lost power under timur but regained after |
| Timur | turko-mongol, conquered India, defeated ottomans to the west |
| Babur the Tiger | mongol who attacked weakening delhi sultanate, conquered |
| Akbar | grandson of babur, good, tolerant, promoted diversity, art, said divine ruler blending all religs |
| Harem | place in house where wives lived, only husband could enter |
| Purdah | prevention of men seeing women |
| Hijab | woman’s head and body coveing |
| Sharia | Islamic law |
| memorize |
Byzantine
| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Byzantine Empire | eastern roman empire, central govt, good diplomacy, strong army, good econ |
| Justinian | golden age of byz, expanded to greatest extent, declined after his death |
| Theodora | wife of Justinian, womens’ rights, grew up with circus, strong influence on justinian |
| Nika revolt | revolt under Justinian, threatened to overthrow, Theodora convinced to stay and fight, crushed it |
| Iconoclastic controversy | iconoclasts thought idol worship bad, created controversy, eventual split |
| Leo III | pope, outlawed icon worship, many didn’t obey |
| Cyril & Methodius | brothers, missionaries, invented alphabet of Cyrillic to teach bible to slavs |
| Hagia Sophia | architectural masterpiece church, ordered by Justinian |
| Corpus Juris Civilis/Justinian Code | roman laws collected and organized for byz, used thru mid ages & beyond |
| Seljuq Turks (Byz) | nomads, took most of asia minor, byz asked for help, came as 1st crusade, bought time |
| Ottoman Turks (Byz) | new power, took Constantinople in 1453 and ended empire |
| memorize |
Middle Ages
| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Franks | Germanic tribe, settled in roman empire near Belgium after it fell |
| Clovis | Frankish king, brutal but good, converted Chris after battle, church supported, later took over france |
| merovingian dynasty | descendents of clovis, kings lazy & didn’t do anything |
| charles martel | mayor of palace, defeated moors at tours, ended muslim advance into europe |
| pepin iii/pepin the short | crowned by pope, defended pope from attackers & gave land back to pope |
| carolingian dynasty | started by pepin iii, marked by papal blessing of king/alliance with church |
| Charlemagne | son pepin iii, conquered most of europe, papally crowned, did well in all aspects, emp of romans |
| treaty of Verdun | treaty between sons of louis the pious to split kingom in 3, east part became HRE |
| agricultural revolution | occurred in europ b/c of carruca plow & oxen & 3-way crop rotation |
| benedict | organized monasticism in the 500s, created rules for monks |
| lay investiture controversy | clergy appted by govt or church, big deal for a govt’s power |
| simony | practice of payment to assume a high position in the church |
| feudalism | polit structure w/ small independent local govts, lords granted fiefs to vassals for services |
| manorialism | econ system, manor was basic econ unit, each was mostly self-sufficient |
| serfs & freemen | people tied to a piece of land who farmed/people who weren’t tied, often farmers or skilled |
| alfred the great | English king who took over the Vikings, assembled the anglo-saxon chronicle (all known hist) |
| battle of hastings | A/S vs Normans for leadership of england, Normans won, William the Conq. became king |
| william the conquerer | new feudalism w/ more power to king, scattered nobles, made all lords his vassals |
| domesday book | survey on everyone in country, determined who would be taxed how much |
| henry I | son of William, power to king, new legal system that favored king |
| exchequer | dept started by henry I, handled govt finances, developed judicial role |
| henry ii | + king’s power, nobles can pay rather than serve, used circuit (traveling) judges, favored commoners |
| centralizing monarchies | more power to king, move away from feudalism |
| king john | son of henry ii, accepted the magna carta |
| magna carta | 1215, king john, protected liberties of nobles and commoners, forced b y revolting nobles |
| simon de montfort | led noble revolt against henry iii, ruler for a few months, gave rep power to low class |
| parliament | idea of power to low class by simon de mont. evolved into parliament, house of lord & commons |
| edward I | eng king, divided court into 3 branches, established common law (decisions based on precedent) |
| Capetians | french dynasty, hugh capet, wanted to unite feudal provinces, central monarchy, ile de france |
| Philip ii (france) | capetian, seized English-owned land in france from when William conquered |
| philip the fair | Capetian, gained control over clergy, taxed them, arrested pope and appointed new one |
| estates general | French leg. body by Philip the fair, made up of 3 major classes, weaker than parliament |
| otto the great | elected king by feudal german lords, invaded italy, helped pope, started HRE |
| holy roman empire | area ruled by otto, unique relationship betw germany & italy, emps crowned by the pope |
| henry iii (HRE) | HREmp during its height, controlled church, appointed pope |
| henry iv (HRE) | HREmp, taken advantage at young age, fought for lay investiture |
| gregory vii | pope during henry iv of HRE, wanted to restore papal power, excommunicated henry & forgave |
| concordat of worms | agreement on lay inv. in HRE, emp land + secular power, church bishops & spiritual ones |
| frederick barbarossa | ruled germany, wanted south italy, captured Milan but was defeated |
| lombard league | Italian city states united into Lomb. League against fred barb, showed power of cities |
| Einhard | servant/scribe, wrote about Charlemagne |
| Pope urban ii | wanted holy land, started crusade, defended byz from saljuq turks |
| Crusades | attempts at holy land, all failed but 1st, but was cult diff, less noble power, less internal conflict |
| First crusade | urban ii, captured Jerusalem, introduced feudalism, Christians adopted eastern culture |
| Second crusade | turks threatened Jerusalem, france & HRE led armies, failed to capture, returned in disgrace |
| Third crusade | saladin had recaptured jerus, Eng France and HRE went, failed |
| Richard the lionheart | only one who made it all the way, failed |
| Philip ii (france, crusade) | fought with Richard, turned back and took English land |
| Frederick barbarossa (crusade) | drowned on the way, army turned back |
| Saladin | muslim leader, took Jerusalem, great military leader |
| Pope Innocent iii | height of papal power, fourth crusade |
| Revival of trade | euro trade improved (mid ages), manufacturing, banking & investment developed |
| Hanseatic league | alliance of german cities, influenced commerce in Europe, everyone had to follow their rules |
| Growth of towns (m. ages) | towns grew, could buy charters of liberties to be free from lords, had 4 basic rights |
| Merchant guild | group of merchants in a town, gained monopolies so no one else could trade there, charitable |
| Craft guild | groups of people all from one craft, regulated wages, hours, quality of goods; app > journ > master |
| Burgesses | new class of merchants, skilled workers, master workers, emerged in mid ages |
| Black death | killed 1/3 of Europe, disrupted major institutions, people lost faith, low class more in demand |
| Vernacular languages | local dialects, evolved into modern languages, used by common people |
| Trabadours | traveling bards, vernacular |
| Dante Alighieri | father of Italian, vernacular, the divine comedy, satire |
| Geoffrey Chaucer | English, vernacular, Canterbury tales, satire |
| Scholasticism | medieval attempt to reconcile classical ideas w/ church doctrine |
| Peter Abelard | wrote sic et non, showed inconsistencies in church doctrine |
| Thomas Aquinas | greatest medieval philos., Dominican, summa theolagiae, logically explained church ideas |
| Patriotism | feeling of loyalty to country as a whole, grew in france in 100 years war (w/ joan of arc etc) |
| Hundred years war | England vs france, parliament gained power, france ultimately came out on top |
| Louis XI | spider, diplomacy, harsh, efficient, increased power of kings, French peasants not as free as eng ones |
| Unam Sanctam | decree of Boniface viii, argued w/ French Philip iv over taxing clergy, said pope > sec. rulers |
| Babylonian captivity | period after papacy moved to france, lasted ~6 popes |
| Gregory xi | pope, ended bab capt, returned papacy to rome |
| Great schism | italy & france each elected popes, urban vi and clement vii |
| Council of constance | church council to end schism, new pope, reformations, agreed on councils meeting often |
| John Wycliffe | clergy, attacked church’s wealth, immorality, bible>church, commissioned eng vers of bible |
| Jan Hus | followed wycliffe, denounced abuses, excommed, killed |
| memorize |
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