Viruses

Virus Review Sheet

Viruses are classified based on: In general, the presence of an envelope confers instability on the virus. Enveloped viruses are more sensitive to heat, detergents, and lipid solvents (such as alcohol and ether) than non-enveloped viruses, which are composed only of nucleic acid and capsid proteins

Classify viruses by nucleic acid, strandedness (& polarity) and nucleic acid structure

Viral Family	D/RNA structure
Poxviruses	DNA - DS - linear
Herpesviruses	DNA - DS - linear
Hepadnaviruses	DNA - partial DS - partial circular
Adenovirus	DNA - DS - linear
Papillomavavirus	DNA - DS - circular
Polyomaviruses	DNA - DS - circular
Baculoviruses	DNA - DS - circular
Parvovirus	DNA - SS - linear
Caliciviruses	RNA - SS(+) - linear
Reoviruses	RNA - DS - linear
Astroviruses	RNA - SS(+)
Picornaviruses	RNA - SS(+)
Flavivirus	RNA - SS(+) - linear
Togaviruses	RNA - SS(+) - linear
Retroviruses	RNA - SS(+) - linear
Orthomyxoviruses	RNA - SS(-) - linear
Paramyxoviruses	RNA - SS(-) - linear
Rhabdoviruses	RNA - SS(-) - linear
Filoviruses	RNA - SS(-) - linear
Bornavirus	RNA - SS(-) - linear
Coronaviruses	RNA - SS(+) - linear
Arenaviruses	RNA - SS(-) - circular
Bunyaviruses	RNA - SS(-) - circular
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Envelope?

Viral Family	Envelope?
Poxviruses	Y
Herpesviruses	Y
Hepadnaviruses	Y
Adenovirus	Y
Papillomavavirus	Y
Polyomaviruses	Y
Parvovirus	Y
Caliciviruses	N
Reoviruses	N
Astroviruses	N
Picornaviruses	N
Flavivirus	Y
Togaviruses	Y
Retroviruses	Y
Orthomyxoviruses	Y
Paramyxoviruses	Y
Rhabdoviruses	Y
Filoviruses	Y
Bornavirus	Y
Coronaviruses	Y
Arenaviruses	Y
Bunyaviruses	Y
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Capsid Shape

Viral Family	Capsid Shape
Poxviruses	icosahedral (complex)
Herpesviruses	icosahedral
Hepadnaviruses	icosahedral
Adenovirus	icosahedral
Papillomavavirus	icosahedral
Polyomaviruses	icosahedral
Parvovirus	icosahedral
Caliciviruses	icosahedral
Reoviruses	icosahedral
Astroviruses	icosahedral
Picornaviruses	icosahedral
Flavivirus	icosahedral
Togaviruses	icosahedral
Retroviruses	icosahedral
Orthomyxoviruses	helical
Paramyxoviruses	helical
Rhabdoviruses	helical
Filoviruses	helical
Bornavirus	helical
Coronaviruses	helical
Arenaviruses	helical
Bunyaviruses	helical
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Genome Segmentation

Viral Family	Segmentation
Poxviruses	nonseg
Herpesviruses	nonseg
Hepadnaviruses	nonseg
Adenovirus	nonseg
Papillomavavirus	nonseg
Polyomaviruses	nonseg
Parvovirus	nonseg
Caliciviruses	nonseg
Reoviruses	segmented (10-12)
Astroviruses	nonseg
Picornaviruses	nonseg
Flavivirus	nonseg
Togaviruses	nonseg
Retroviruses	nonseg
Orthomyxoviruses	segmented (7-8)
Paramyxoviruses	nonseg
Rhabdoviruses	nonseg
Filoviruses	nonseg
Bornavirus	nonseg
Coronaviruses	nonseg
Arenaviruses	segmented (2)
Bunyaviruses	segmented (3)
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Name examples in each viral family, dieases common names included.

Viral Family	Examples
Poxviruses	Variola virus (smallpox), molluscum contagiosum
Herpesviruses	HSV1 (cold sores), HSV2 (genital herpes) , VZV (chicken pox), EBV (mononucleosis), CMV (mononucleosis), HHV6, HHV7, HHV8
Hepadnaviruses	HepB
Adenovirus	hAd4, adenovirus (common cold)
Papillomavavirus	HPV (cervical carcinoma)
Polyomaviruses	JC virus
Parvovirus	B-19 virus, AAV (Adeno-associated virus)
Caliciviruses	HepE, Norwalk virus (diarrhea)
Reoviruses	Rotavirus (diarrhea), Colorado tick fever virus
Astroviruses	Astrovirus
Picornaviruses	(PERCH): Poliovirus, Echovirus, Rhinovirus (common cold), Coxsackievirus A & B, HepA
Flavivirus	HepC, HepG, Yellow fever virus, Dengue virus (hemorrhagic fever), Japanese encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus
Togaviruses	Rubella virus, Forest Semliki Virus, Eastern/Western/Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
Retroviruses	HIV (AIDS), HTLV1 - T cell lymphoma, HTLV2 - Hairy cell leukemia
Orthomyxoviruses	Influenza A and B virus
Paramyxoviruses	Parainfluenza, RSV, Measles, Mumps
Rhabdoviruses	Rabies virus (rabies encephalitis)
Filoviruses	Ebola virus, Marburg virus (hemorrhagic fevers)
Bornavirus	Borna disease virus (BDV)
Coronaviruses	Human corona virus (common cold), SARS coronavirus (SARS)
Arenaviruses	Lassa fever virus, Junin/Machupo/Guanarito viruses, Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)
Bunyaviruses	Hantavirus, California encephalitis virus
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Receptors, Co-Receptors, and Anti-Receptors when applicable...

 

Question	Answer
Podoviridae	Lipopolysaccharide, , tailfibers
Siphovridae	LamB, , J protein
Polyomaviridae	Sialic Acid, , glycoprotein
Papillomaviridae	Heparin, , Integrin
Adenoviridae	CAR, Integrin, knob
Herpesviridae	Heparin, Heparin, glycoprotein
Paramyxovirus	Hemagglutinin, ,
Orthomyxoviridae	Hemagglutinin, ,
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Notable People in Virology

 

Question	Answer
Wendell Stanley	Crystallized Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek	Built first microscope and saw RBCs
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu	Variolation and smallpox
Edward Jenner	Small Pox vaccine with cow pox
Robert Koch	Germ theory with Koch's postulates
Louis Pasteur	Treated Joseph Meister with rabies treatment
James Phipps	First to get smallpox vaccine (cowpox by Edward Jenner)
Dmitri Iwanowski	Called viruses "filtering agents"
Martinus Beijerinck	Discovered that viruses are a distinct living entity
Carlos Finlay and Walter Reed	Went to Cuba and discovered Yellow Fever was from mosquitos
Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper	Found that Polio was a disease causing virus
Max Thieler	Cultivated from chicken eggs a Yellow Fever Vaccine
Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey	Proved nucleic acids were the genetic material
Luc Montagnier	Found that HIV causes AIDS
Carlo Urbani	Alerted officials early about SARS
Renato Dulbecco	Incorporation of viral genes in host-cell genome
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