Timeline Of Evolution
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Timeline of Evolution
| Event | Millions of Years Ago |
|---|---|
| The Earth forms | 4500 |
| unicellular organisms appear in oceans | 3500 |
| seaweeds appear | 1200 |
| multicellular organisms appear | 1000 |
| jellyfish and molluscs appear | 700 |
| fish appear | 490 |
| first land plants appear | 430 |
| first land animals appear | 400 |
| amphibians appear | 380 |
| reptiles appear | 350 |
| winged insects appear | 300 |
| dinosaurs appear | 215 |
| mammals appear | 200 |
| flowering plants appear | 150 |
| extinction of dinosaurs | 135 |
| apes appear | 40 |
| Homo Erectus appears | 2 |
Reference: p.187 of "Usborne Essential Guides: Essential Science" by P. Wingate, C. Gifford, R. Treays. Usborne Publishing, Ltd., London, 1992. EDC Publishing, Tulsa, Oklahoma (ISBN=0-7460-1011-7).
| Event | Millions of Years Ago |
|---|---|
| The Earth forms | 4500 |
| Oceans and continents form | 4000-4500 |
| First living cells | 3500-3700 |
| First photosynthetic cells | 3300-3500 |
| First water-splitting photosynthesis releases O2 | 3000-3300 |
| Aerobic respiration becomes widespread | 1500-2000 |
| Start of rapid O2 accumulation Fe2+ in oceans used up | 1800 |
| Origin of eucaryotic cells (algae) | 1250-1500 |
| Oxygen level in atmosphere stabilizes around 20% | 1000 |
| First multicellular plants and animals | 500-750 |
| First vertebrates | 300 |
Reference: p.385 of "Molecular Biology of the Cell" by Alberts, Bray, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, and Watson, 2nd Edition, Garland Publishing, New York, 1989 (ISBN=0-8240-3695-6).
| Event | Millions of Years Ago |
|---|---|
| The Earth forms | 4000 |
| Only the simplest compounds of H,C,O,N exist | 3600 |
| UV photo association of intermediate organic materials (amino acids, etc.) | 3300 |
| Inorganic catalysts: Fe/S, Mo/S, etc. | 3300 |
| Polymerization of macromolecules with natural selection (proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, genes, hormones) | 3000 |
| Colloidal coacervates associating symbiotic macromolecules with survival determined by natural selection | 2650 |
| Formation of cell membranes | 2300 |
| Osmotic control: K+, Na+, Cl-, (Ca2+) | 2300 |
| Release of CO2, H2 | 800-2000 |
| Anaerobic metabolism of organic materials through fermentation | 2000 |
| Ionic signals: Ca2+ | 1400-2100 |
| Advanced forms of fermentation, high control and organization (filaments). Vesicles (eukaryoyes). | 1700 |
| Foundations of photosynthesis (pigmented cells) | 1400 |
| Photosynthesis (Mn) begins m CO2 + n H2 -> m(H2)n + m O2 | 1300 |
| Respiration (Cu) begins | 800 |
| Release of substantial CO2 | 0-800 |
| Significant quantities of oxygen forbidden: O2<0.001 present atmospheric level. UV 120-300 nm at 0-10 km altitude depending on atmospheric H2O vapour. UV 210-300 nm penetrates 5-10 m of liquid H2O. | 1300-4000 |
| Foundation of oxygen atmosphere Multicellular Organisms | 570-1300 |
| UV 210-300 nm at surface slowly attenuated | 0-1300 |
| Many cellular organelles have appeared | 570 |
| Many multi-cellular organisms have appeared | 570 |
Reference: pp.17, 513 of "The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life" by J. J. R. Frausto da Silva and R. J. P. Williams, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991 (ISBN=0-19-855802-3).
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