| Question | Answer |
|---|
| _______ people die annually from hospital sourced infections | 90,000 people |
| T/F: it is common for oral infections to progress to systemic infections | False ("rare") |
| T/F: it is rare for oral infections to progress to systemic infections | True |
| term that means that a drug should be more toxic to target microorganism than to the host | Selective Toxicity |
| who isolated penicillin from Penicillium notatum and discovered efficacy against S. Aureus? | Alexander Fleming |
| An antibiotic that is effective against both gram + and gram - bacteria is referred to as _____ _____ | Broad-Spectrum |
| something that is _____ inhibits bacterial growth | Bacteriostatic |
| something that is _____ kills bacteria | Bactericidal |
| T/F: Antibiotics are the most widely used class of drugs | True |
| Dentists prescribe _________-_________% of common antibiotics | 7-11% |
| drugs that affect cell wall synthesis/cell membrane integrity/DNA synthesis are bacteri-_____ | bactericidal (kill bacteria) |
| drugs that affect folic acid/protein synthesis are bacterio-_______ | bacterioSTATIC (inhibit growth) |
| penicillins and cephalosporins, bacitracin, vancomycin, cycloserine, glycopeptides are all antibiotics that target what part of bacteria? | Cell wall |
| T/F: GM- have less cross-linking in peptidoglycan structure than GM+ | True |
| T/F: GM+ have less cross-linking in peptidoglycan structure than GM- | False |
| Drugs that target cross-linking don’t affect Gram _____ bacteria as much | Negative |
| Enzyme that is used to transfer peptides (an imp step in cross-linking of bacterial cell wall) | Transpepsidase |
| Penicillins inhibit what 2 enzymes? | Transpepsidase & Carboxypepsidase |
| lincomycin, clindamycin, macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides all affect bacteria how? | Inhibition of Protein synthesis (binds to 50s or 30s subunit of ribosome) |
| fluoroquinolones inhibit what two enzymes? | topoisomerase & gyrase |
| ______ inhibit the enzymes topoisomerase & gyros | Fluoroquinolones |
| ______ inhibits the enzyme transpepsidase | Penicillin (B-Lactam, really) |
| ______ inhibits DNA enzymes | Metronidazole |
| Metronidazole inhibits _____ | DNA |
| ______ inhibits folic acid synthesis (which is important for purine synthesis) | Sulfonamides |
| ______ is when the combined effect of 2 drugs is greater than the additive effect if the two drugs were given individually | Synergism |
| T/F: bacteria are usually resistant to an entire family of drugs, not just individual ones | True |
| T/F: bacteria are usually resistant to individual drugs, not entire families | False |
| Type of resistance to a drug due to little or no site of action | Natural Resistance |
| Type of resistance to a drug due to gene transfer mechanisms (Transsduction, transposition, transformation, conjugation) | Acquired Resistance |
| Type of resistance to a drug when resistance to one agent also makes it resistant to another agent | Cross-resistance |
| acquired Beta Lactam resistance is especially seen in gram ______ bacteria | Negative |
| 3 drugs with Beta-Lactamase inhibitors (to overcome B-Lactam resistance) | Augmentin, Unasyn, and Zosyvn |
| Multi-drug antibiotic efflux pumps (move antibiotic out of cell) are seen in what 4 given examples of bacteria? | E. coli, Staph, Strep pyogenes, pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| DNA segments that don’t self-replicate, but move from 1 place to another in cell’s genome or btw bacterial cell and plasmid/virus | Transposons |
| naked DNA molecule that is separate from and replicates independently of chromosomal DNA | Plasmid |
| T/F: Plasmids are usually Double stranded and circular | True |
| T/F: Plasmids are usually single stranded and linear | False (ds & circular) |
| ____-genes are necessary for plasmids to allow conjugation | TRA-genes |
| define: mobile DNA element that captures and disseminates genes via site-specific integration of DNA (gene cassettes) and can mediate resistance, virulence, and biochemical function | Integrons |
| What are the 4 major resistant pathogens? | → S. pneumoniae, MRSA, vancomycin resistant enterococci, pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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