Generally a protoplasmic poison • Excellent antiseptic and has been used as preservative • Research: Significant correlation between low bone density and low fluoride content.
Sodium Fluoride
Prevents dental caries – Fluoride-containing drinking water
Sodium Monofluorophosphate
PO3F2− + OH− → HPO42− + F−
Sodium Monofluorophosphate
– Teeth does not require pre-treatment before application – No hazard with respect to local toxicity or systemic intoxication
Stannous Fluoride
Valuable adjunct in the prevention of caries and seems to have a definite superiority over NaF: – Simplified application – Greater effectiveness (anticariogenic)
When handling bromine, it is always advisable to have ammonia water within reach to stop its action
Bromine T.S.
(Bromine Water)
Bromine, Tenth Normal Solution
(Koppeschaar’s Solution)
Bromine
When handling bromine, it is always advisable to have ammonia water within reach to stop its action
Bromine T.S. (Bromine Water)
Saturated solution of bromine prepared by agitating from 2-3 mL of bromine with 100 mL of cold distilled water in glass-stoppered bottle (coated with petrolatum)
Bromine, Tenth Normal Solution (Koppeschaar’s Solution)
Solution of potassium bromate (3mg) and potassium bromide (15mg) in water sufficient to make a liter.
Central depressant,Employed in cases of mental excitement and all conditions arising from, e.g. insomia, nervousness, etc and Controls seizures of epilepsy
Physical Properties – Lightest of all metals – Preserved by coating with petrolatum
Lithium
• Behaves systemically very much like K ion. • Depressant to the CNS and to the circulation • Has diuretic action • Stimulates the vagus and my produce gastro-enteritis
Lithium
• Now recognized as a “Mood-Stabilizing Agent” • Used in mania and bipolar manic-- ‐depressive illness.
Physical and Chemical Properties – Most malleable and ductile metal – Inactive and permanent metal – Dissolved by Selenic Acid [Au3(SeO4)3] – Aqua Regia (?) – best reagent for dissolving gold metal – Purple of Cassius (reaction?)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the migration of activated phagocytes and leukocytes into synovial tissue, which causes progressive destruction of cartilage bone and joint swelling.
Gold
Treatment for RA?
aurosomes.
Gold accumulates in the lysosomes of synovial cells and macrophages, forming gold laden deposits
Gold
taken up by macrophages and inhibits antigen processing and decreases phagocytic activity.
IM treatment for nondisseminated lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis
Aurothioglycanilide
N.N.D. (Lauron, alpha- Auromercaptoacetanilide) • Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis • Administered as a suspension in sesame oil (IM)
Aurothioglucose
Contains nmt 5% sodium acetate (stabilizer)Tx of Rheumatoid Arthritis and non- disseminating lupus erythematosus • IM in the form of suspension in vegetable oil
• Very common environmental toxicant • Protoplasmic poison
> Arsenic5+ > Organic Chemicals
Arsine (AsH3) > Arsenic3+
Toxicity of Arsenic
Binds w/ the thiol groups in the tissue
BAL
Toxicity of Arsenic antidote?
Acute Poisoning (Ar)
GI discomfort, burning lips, constriction of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, projectile vomiting, and severe diarrhea • Oliguria with proteinuria and hematuria eventually, skeletal muscle cramps and severe thirst! • Shock; coma and death. In severe poisoning, death can occur within an hour
Chronic Poisoning (Ar)
Chronic Poisoning(ArThe most common early signs of chronic arsenic poisoning are muscle weakness and aching, skin pigmentation, hyperkeratosis, and edema. • GI involvement is less prominent in long-term exposures. • Garlic odor of the breath and perspiration, excessive salivation and sweating, stomatitis, generalized itching, sore throat, coryza, lacrimation, numbness, burning or tingling of the extremities, dermatitis, and alopecia.
Arsenic
Uses Arsenic – Anti-leukemic activity (1878) • Trisenox ®: Arsenic Trioxide in water with NaOH and dil. HCl to adjust pH (7.5-8.5) – Polycythemia vera – Antiprotozoal infection (Syphilis)
Used to detect excessive quantities of arsenic – Treat with sulphuric acid, then further treated with sulphurous acid. (to reduce arsenic to arsenous ion to produce Arsine)
• Naturally occurring minor element and one of the metallic components in the earth’s crust and oceans • Produced as a by-product from the extraction, smelting and refining of the nonferrous metals such as zinc, lead and copper.
tai-Itai Disease: The Ouch-ouch disease
Symptoms are osteomalacia, osteoporosis and renal failure. • Similar ionic radius with Ca+2, may compete with cellular transporters! • Renal damage causes disruption in activation of Vitamin D.
Itai-Itai Disease: The Ouch-ouch disease
anemia, teeth discoloration and loss of smell (anosmia).
PbS (Galena) – most important and widely distributed
Source of Lead
Affinity to SH- groups.
Toxicity of Lead
Acute Lead Poisoning
• Relatively infrequent and follows ingestion of acid soluble lead compounds or inhalation of lead vapors • Local actions in the mouth produce marked astringency, thirst and a metallic taste. • Nausea, abdominal pain, and vomiting • Stools may be black from lead sulfide, and there may be diarrhea or constipation. • Acute CNS symptoms include paresthesias, pain, and muscle weakness • An acute hemolytic crisis sometimes causes severe anemia and hemoglobinuria.
Chronic Lead Poisoning
GI, neuromuscular, CNS, hematological, renal, and other disturbances, occurring separately or in combination. • The CNS syndrome, or lead encephalopathy, is more common among children; the GI syndrome is more prevalent in adults • Early signs of lead encephalopathy include clumsiness, vertigo, ataxia, falling, headache, insomnia, restlessness, and irritability; delirium with repetitive tonic-clonic convulsions or lethargy and coma follow.
• Calcium Disodium Edetate (EDTA) • Dimercaprol
Treatment for Lead poisoning
Lead Subacetate Solution
Goulard’s Extract
Diluted Lead Subacetate Solution
Lead Water
Lead Monoxide (PbO)
Litharge
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