Nervous system


Section
Question | Answer |
---|---|
neurons | not mitotic, send and receive signals |
neuroglia | glial cells |
neruoglia functions | highly mitotic, support and protect neurons, carry nutrients |
cns | brain and spinal cord |
pns | spinal nerves and cranial nerves |
cns function | receives sensory information from sensory receptors |
pns function | deliver sensory information back to cns, carry motor commands to pns and tissues |
nerves in pns | collection of axons, spinal nerves, cranial nerves |
afferent division | sensory information, carries from receptors back to cns |
efferent division | motor commands, cns to pns muscle and glands |
receptors | detect change or respond to stimuli, response to change in environment |
effectors | muscle fibers or glandular cells |
types of effectors | somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system |
somatic nervous system | controls voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle contraction |
autonomic nervous system | contractions of cardiac, smooth, or glandular secretion |
sympathetic dvision | increase heart rate in stress situations |
parasympathetic division | lowers cardiac rate, lower blood pressure, bronchoconstricts, lowers digestive activity |
multipolar neurons | cell body, dendrite, axon |
neuron cell body | large nucleus, perikaryon, mitochondria, rough er |
mitochondria | produce atp |
rough er | produce neurotransmitters |
cytoskeleton | neurofilaments and neurotubules in place of microfilaments and microtubules, nissel bodies |
dendrites | carry impulses towards cell body, receives impulses |
axon | long, nerve is a bundle of axons, carries action potential away from body |
action potential | negative charge |
teleodendria | fine divisions |
end of telodendria | synaptic end bulbs |
synaptic end bulbs | releases neurotransmitter |
neurofilaments | cytoskeletal structures of the neuron |
synapse | area of communication with another cell |
presynaptic cell | neuron sends message |
postsynaptic cell | cell that receives message |
synaptic cleft | membrane between the pre and post synaptic cells |
synaptic terminal | contains synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters |
neurotransmitters | chemical messengers, released by presynaptic membrane, affect receptors of post synaptic cells, broken down by enzymes |
neurotransmitter junction | synapase between neuron and muscle |
neuroglandular junction | synapse between neuron and gland |
sensory neurons | afferent neurons of pns |
motor neurons | efferent neurons of pns |
interneurons | association neurons, vast majority of neurons in the body |
interocepters | monitor internal systems, ex: digestive, cardiovascular, taste, pain, pressure) |
exteroceptors | external sense (touch and temp) distance senses (sight, smell, hearing) |
proprioceptors | monitor position and movement (ex: skeletal muscle and joints) |
where are interneurons found | brain, spinal cord, and autonomic ganglia |
4 types of neuroglia in cns | ependymal, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia |
ependymal cells | produce cerebral spinal fluid |
astrocytes | create physical defense to brain, produce blood brain barrier |
oligodendrocytes | produce myelin |
microglia | produce phagosidic cells |
myelination | increases the speed of action potential |
myelin | insulated myelinated axons |
white matter | myelinated |
grey matter | unmyelinated |
types of neuroglia in pns | ganglia, satelitte cells, schwann cells |
ganglia | collection of nerve cell bodies |
satelitte cells | amphicytes, surround the ganglia |
schwann cells | form myelination |
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