Host I Immunology

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aphios5's version from 2012-02-07 01:40

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Section

Question	Answer
4 stages of extravasation	rolling adhesion, tight binding, diapedesis, migration
M:E ratio	myeloid to erythroid ratio, normal is 3:1
peripheral blood smear (PBS)	evaluates cell morphology, types of cells present
bone marrow aspirate and biopsy	evaluate structure, function, architecture of the bone marrow, obtained from PSIC/sternum
primary lymphoid tissue	bone marrow, thymus
secondary lymphoid tissue	spleen, peyer's patches, lymph nodes, GALT/BALT/MALT
lymphoid lymphatic travel	from secondary lymphoid tissue->efferent lymphatics-->returned to blood (heart) via left subclavian vein via thoracic duct
arterial blood	carries lymphocytes from primary lymphoid tissue to secondary lymphoid tissue
M-cells	antigen crosses over and dendritic cells will bind the antigen, gut ulcers can destroy this mechanism
Antigen presenting cells (APC)	macrophage, dendritic cells
dendritic cells	APC, express MHC II, encounter antigen in skin, activate T-cells in secondary lymphoid tissue to START an adaptive immune response
T-cell receptor (TCR)	recognizes MHC II
CD4+ Th1	secretes IFN-gamma to help macrophage work better
CD4+ Th2	secretes IL-4 to help a B-cell make antibody
CD8+	cytotoxic T cell (CTL), secretes cytoxin to lyse an infectd target cell
B-cell receptor (BCR)	recognizes MHC I, presents antigenic peptide to T cells (APC)
Th17 cells	cause fibroblasts to become neutrophils
Th-reg cells	inhibit immature dendritic cells from activating T-cells
CD86	expressed mostly by dendritic cells, co-stimulatory molecule, needed for T-cell recognition b/c MHC II is not enough
B-1 B cell	do not requre T cell help, only makes IgM spontaneously; major B cell type found in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
abberant innate immune response	severe infections, endotoxic shock (TSS)
	memorize

Question	Answer
complement	system of plasma proteins that mark pathogens for destruction
defensins	anti-microbial peptides secreted by epithelial surfaces that perturb membranes of microorganisms
alpha-defensins	neutrophil peptides, cryptdins (Hb5/6) made by Paneth cells in small intestines
beta-defensins	made by epithelial cells of the epidermis, respiratory/GI tract
LPS recepter	TOLL-like 4 + CD14; induces respiratory burst (ROI) for killing (not necessarily phagocytosis)
Mannose-binding receptor	induce respiratory burst (ROI) for killing and phagocytosis
Fc receptor	induces respiratory burst (ROI) for killing and phagocytosis; increases recognition along w/ C3b
TLR9	induce IL-12 and IFN-alpha
Toll-like receptors	sense the presence of infection (however need CD14 in order to work!)
CXC	chemokine nomenclature
mast cells	activated to release histamine and acidic proteoglycans, activated by C3a and C5a and IgE binding to FcR
lipoxygenase	metabolize leukotrienes which lead to vasoactivation, bronchoconstriction, chemotaxis, chemokinesis
cyclooxygenase	metabolizes prostaglandins and thromboxanes which affect bronchial muscle, platelet aggregation, vasodilation
eosinophils	in CT, causes degranulation of mast cells and basophils
MHC I	expressed on all nucleated cells
MHC II	present on APCs including dendritic cells, macrophage, b lymphocytes, endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells
endogenous pathway	used by MHC class I to present antigen to CD8+ Tcells
exogenous pathway	used by MHC class II to present antigen to CD4+ Tcells
MHC class III	genes encode heat shock proteins
pre-B-cell receptor complex	mu (u) chain (heavy chain) and surrogate light chain assoc. w/ Ig-alpha and Ig-beta (signal transduction)
what stops light chain rearrangement?	IgM expression on cell surface
clonal deletion	when developing BCR recognizes (binds) ubiquitous cell surface molecules (MHC I)-->cell is deleted and undergoes apoptosis
conal anergy	immature b-cells that bind soluble self-antigens are rendered unresponsive or anergic; most IgMs are retained inside the cell, but they express normal levels of IgD
ADCC ( antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)	antibody bound to an antigen binds to NK cell via FcR to trigger lysis of antibody target
IgM	first Ig to appear on B cell surface and first secreted during immune response
IgD	second antibody that is found on the B cell surface, unknown function
IgG	most abundant class of Ig in the plasma, crosses placenta, role in fetal immunity
IgD/IgM	help activate classical compliment pathway
IgA	dimeric form is found in mucosal secretions, monomeric form found in blood
IgE	involved in allergic rxns
	memorize

Question	Answer
class switch recombination (isotype switch)	Ig produced w/ different constant regions but identical variable regions, antigen specificity remains the same upon class switching, allows antibody to participate in different immune responses to the same antigen; stimulated by T-helper cells
repetitive DNA sequences	mediate isotype switching, switch singals
B-cell receptor	IgM, Ig-alpha, Ig-beta
B-cell co-receptor	CR2 (CD21) protein, CD19, CD81 (TAPA-1)
BCR+co-BCR+ Th2	=full b-cell activation (part of cognate interaction)
cognate interaction	b-cell and t-cells respond to the same antigen just different parts
T-independent (TI) antigens	LPS, dextran, polymeric bacterial flagellin
Order of B cell genes rearrangement in bone marrow	H chain variable, then constant, L chain variable then constant
3 interactions necessary for B cell activation and isotype switching	1. BCR and antigen 2. co-receptor ligation 3. interaction with CD4+ t cell
hyper IgM syndrome	mutation in CD40 prevents isotype switching from IgM
x-linked agammaglobinemia	mutation in Btk that stops progression of B cells
B cells, positive or negative selection first?	negative(if they bind to MHC molecule in bone marrow, they are retained there before maturation and die), positive occurs for IgG in lymph node during hypermutation
bare lymphocyte syndrome	no MHC
DiGeorge's syndrome	born with no thymus
Tuberculoid Leprosy	Th1 response to mycobacterium leprae, less invasive
ITAM	tail of CD3 on TCR and tail of Iga and IgB on BCR, affect gene expression
ITAM activated in T cell when	TCR and co-stimulator are both active
ITAM activated in B cell when	BCR is bound(does not require co-receptor)
T cell positive selection performed by	epithelial cells
T cell negative selection performed by	Dc and macrophages
gammadelta cells	bridge between innate and adaptive immune system
HEV	vessels where lymphocytes can squeeze into the lymph node if they express CD62L
B1 cells	lack N-nucleotides
	memorize

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