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Organic Conversions Conditions
| Conversion | Conditions/Reactants |
|---|
| Alkane > Haloalkane | Add Cl2 or Br2 in the presence of UV light |
| Alkene>1,2-dihalogenoalkane | Add Cl2 or Br2 |
| Alkene>halogenoalkane | Add Hydrogen halide (Markohnikov's rule applies) |
| Alkene>1,2-diol | Add potassium magnanate made alkaline by NaOH |
| Alkane > Haloalkane | Free radical substitution |
| Alene>1,2-dihalogenoalkane | Electrophilic addition |
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Industrial Inorganic Chemistry
| Name | Conversion |
|---|
| Haber Process | N2+3H2 -> 2NH3 |
| Contact Process - Stage 2 | 2SO2 + O2 -> 2SO3 |
| Haber Process | 450 C, 200-400 atm |
| Contact Process - Stage 2 | 450-600 C 2-10 atmospheres |
| Ammonia | Manufacture of fertilisers |
| Nitric Acid | Manufacture of fertilisers |
| Sulphuric Acid | Manufacture of fertilisers |
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Chemistry 3B
Memorizing for Chemistry 3B.
Flame Tests
| Ion | Colour |
|---|
| Ba2+ | Apple Green |
| Ca2+ | Brick Red |
| Na+ | Yellow / Orange |
| K+ | Lilac |
| Sr2+ | Red |
| Cu2+ | Blue Green |
| Li+ | Red |
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Ion tests
| Question | Answer |
|---|
| Nitrate ion | Heat with a small piece of aluminium and sodium hydroxide then test for ammonia |
| Carbonate ion | Add dilute acid and carbon dioxide is evolved. |
| Hydrogen carbonate ion | Add dilute acid and carbon dioxide is evolved |
| Carbonate ion as opposed to Hydrogen carbonate ion | Add solution containing Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions. White precipitate forms immediately for carbonate but only after boiling for hydrogen carbonate. |
| Ammonium ion | Add NaOH and warm, ammonia is given off |
| Sulphite | Add dilute acid, SO2 is evolved which turns potassium dichromate paper orange to green or add BaCl2 and a white precipate of BaSO3 will form. |
| Sulphate | Add BaCl2, a white precipitate will form |
| Hydroxide | Test with red litmus paper, it will turn blue |
| Chloride | Acidify with nitric acid then add silver nitrate. A white precipitate soluble in dilute NH3 will form |
| Bromide | Acidify with nitric acid then add silver nitrate. A cream precipitate soluble in conc NH3 will form |
| Iodide | Acidify with nitric acid then add silver nitrate. A yellow precipitate insoluble in conc NH3 will form |
| Sr2+ | Add chromate ions (yellow ppt) or carbonate ions (white ppt) |
| Ba2+ | Add sulphate ions (white ppt) |
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Gas Tests
| Gas | Test |
|---|
| Carbon dioxide | Bubble through limewater. It turns milky. |
| Ammonia | Damp red limus turns blue |
| Hydrogen | Burns with a squeaky pop |
| Oxygen | Relights glowing split |
| Sulphur dioxide | Colourless gas, turns potassium dichromate orange > green |
| HCl | Steamy fumes when exposed to air, turns damp blue litmus red |
| Nitrogen dioxide | Brown gas |
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Organic Tests
| Organic | Test |
|---|
| C=C | Add bromine (aq), it's red-brown colour decolourises by addition across the double bond |
| Primary, Secondary Alcohol | Add potassium dichromate, orange colour will go green |
| -OH group | Add PCl5, steamy fumes of HCl will be produced |
| Haloalkane | Warm with NaOH(aq) then acidify with nitric acid and add silver nitrate. White ppt=Cl, Cream ppt=Br, Yellow ppt=I |
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