Biology - Chapter 7 Review
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Section
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the structure that makes up every living thing? | Cell. |
| What was Anton van Leeuwenhoek one of the first to see in the 1600s? | Tiny living organisms in pond water. |
| What did a thin slice of cork seem like to Robert Hooke when he observed it through a microscope? | To him, it seemed like thousands of tiny, empty chambers. |
| What did the German botanist Matthias Schleiden conclude? | All plants are made up of cells. |
| What did the German biologist Theodor Schwann conclude? | All animals are made up of cells. |
| How did Rudolph Virchow summarize his years of work? | He proposed that all cells come from existing cells, completing the cell theory. |
| What are the three concepts that make up the cell theory? | 1.) All living things are composed of cells. 2.) Cells are teh basic units of structure and function in living things. 3.) New cells are produced from existing cells. |
| Why are electron microscopes capable of revealing details much smaller than those seen through light microscopes? | The wavelengths of electrons are much shorter than those of light. |
| What's true about prokaryotes? | They grow and reproduce. |
| Are all eukaryotes large, multicellular organisms? | No, some of them live solitary lives as unicellular organisms. |
| Prokaryotes | Organisms whose cells lack nuclei, such as bacteria. |
| Eukaryotes | Organisms whose cells contain nuclei, such as plants, animals, fungi, and protists |
| What is an organelle? | Little organs in a cell. |
| What do animal cells contain? | ER (endoplasmic reticulum) and mitochondria |
| What do plant cells contain? | ER (endoplasmic reticulum), cell wall, and chloroplast. |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | Controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary info of DNA |
| What important molecules does the nucleus contain? | DNA proteins |
| The granular material visible within the nucleus is called? | Chromatin |
| What does chromatin consist of? | DNA bound to protein |
| What are chromosomes? | Contain genetic info that is passed from one generation of cells to the next. |
| Most nuclei contain a small, dense region known as the? | Nucleolus |
| What occurs in the nucleolus? | Assembly of ribosomes begins. |
| What is the nuclear envelope? | Allows material to move into and out of the nucleus. |
| What are ribosomes? | Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm. |
| What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER? | Rough ER is when ribosomes are found on the surface and smooth ER is when there are no ribosomes on the surface. |
| Using the cell as a factory analogy, describe the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell. | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| What is true about lysosomes? | They contain enzymes that help synthesize lipids, they break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness, and contain enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. |
| What are vacuoles? | Store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. |
| What is the role of the central vacuole in plants? | It makes it possible for plants to support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers. |
| How does the contractile vacuole in a paramecium help maintain homeostasis? | It pumps excess water out of the cell. |
| True or false? Both chloroplasts and mitochondria are enclosed by two membranes. | True |
| Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic information in the form of? | Small DNA molecules. |
| What are mitochondria? | Organelles that convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. |
| Are mitochondria found in plant cells, animal cells, or both? | Both |
| Where are chloroplasts found? | In plants. |
| Biologist Lynn Margulis has suggested that mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendants of what kind of organisms? | Independent microorganisms. |
| What is the cytoskeleton? | Network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. It's also involved in movement. |
| Microfilaments | Threadlike structures made of a protein called actin - it maintains cell shape, help build cilia and flagella, form centrioles in cell division. |
| Microtubules | Hollow structures made up of proteins known as tubulins - support the cell, help cells move. |
| What are the functions of the cell membrane? | Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support. |
| The core of nearly all cell membranes is a double-layered sheet called a(n)? | Lipid Bilayer |
| What is the difference in the function of the proteins, and the carbohydrates attached to a cell membrane? | Proteins form channels and pumps that help to move material across the cell membrane. Carbohydrates allows individual cells to identify one another. |
| In what organisms are cell walls found? | Many organisms such as plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes. |
| True or false? The cell wall lies inside the cell membrane. | False. |
| What is the main function of the cell wall? | Provides support and protection for the cell. |
| What are plant cell walls mostly made of? | Cellulose. |
| What is the concentration of a solution? | Mass of solute in a given volume of solution OR mass/volume |
| What is diffusion? | When particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area whee they are less concentrated. |
| What is meant when a system has reached equilibrium? | When the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system. |
| What does it mean that biological membranes are selectively permeable? | It means other substances can pass across them and others cant. |
| What is osmosis? | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| When will water stop moving across a membrane? | When equilibrium has reached. | |
| What does it mean when the solution is above strength in solute? | A solution is hypertonic | |
| What does it mean when the solutions are teh same strength? | Two solutions are isotonic. | |
| What does it mean when the solution is below strength in solute? | A solution is hypotonic. | |
| What happens during the process of facilitated diffusion? | When cell membrane channels are helping diffusion of glucose across membrane. | |
| What is the role of protein channels in the cell membrane? | To allow glucose to pass through them. | |
| True or false? Facilitated diffusion does not require the cell to use energy. | True | |
| The energy-requiring proces that moves material across a cell membrane against concentration difference is called? | Active transport | |
| True or false? Active transport always requires transport proteins during the process. | False. | |
| Endocytosis | Process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane. | |
| Phagocytosis | During this, extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole. | |
| Exocytosis | The membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell. | |
| During endocytosis, what happens to the pocket in the cell membrane when it breaks loose from the membrane? | It breaks loose from the outer portion of the cell membrane and forma a vacuole within the cytoplasm. | |
| A single celled organism is also called an? | Unicellular organism. | |
| What's true about cell specialization? | Specialized cells perform particular functions within the organism, and the human body contains many different cell types. | |
| What are four levels of organization in a multicellular organism? | Individual cells, tissues, organs, then organ systems. | |
| What is a tissue? | Group of similar cells that perform a particular function. | |
| What are the four main types of tissue in most animals? | Muscle, epithelial, nervous, and connective tissue | |
| Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function are called? | Organ. | |
| What kinds of tissues can be found within a muscle in your body? | The nervous tissues and connective tissues. | |
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