| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Glycolysis | reaction carried out by all living cells (eukaryotic and prokaryotic); takes place in a series of 10 reactions, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme; linguistically, "to split something sweet" |
| Vesicle-Mediated Transport | When eukaryotic cells take in macromolecules (like polypeptides, polysaccharides, and polynucleotides) that are too large to be transported by channel, carrier, or pump proteins. They rely on vesicle formation. |
| Hypha | a single filament of a fungi |
| Hyphae | 2 or 3 filaments of a fungi |
| Mycelium | a large mass of filaments of a fungi |
| Chitin | major component of fungus cell wall |
| Mycorrhizae | a mutualistic relationship between roots of vascular plants, and fungi. The plant roots need help from fungi (high surface area) to absorb water and minerals (ex: phosphorous), and fungi gain sugar and amino acids from the plant. Linguistically means "fungus root" |
| Carbon Dioxide | makes up approximately 0.039% of the atmosphere; enters the plant through the stomata, then moves by diffusion into the leaf cells, then into the chloroplasts; it will be reduced to carbohydrates. |
| Water | H2O is taken into a plant primarily through the roots; during the oxidation of water, oxygen splits off from the hydrogen and is released into the atmosphere. |
| Transpiration | loss of water/water vapor through stomata |
| Light | visible (white) light is made up of many different colors (wavelengths). These range from violet to red, and each type of light is composed of particles of energy called photons. |
| Photons | particles of energy that compose light |
| Porphyrin Ring | the magnesium atom surrounded by 4 nitrogen atoms (found in all types of chlorophyll) |
| Carotenoids | yellowish to orange-colored pigments that are not visible until autumn when chlorophyll production stops |
| Accessory Pigments | term for chlorophyll b and carotenoids; they absorb light energy of different wavelengths than does chlorophyll a, and then pass it on to chlorophyll a |
| Thylakoids | membranes inside chloroplasts, which hold the photosynthetic pigments |
| Granum | a stack of thylakoids (plural is "grana") |
| Antenna Pigments | pigments that absorb light and pass it on to the reaction center (a, b, and carotenoids are antenna pigments) -- not all antenna pigments are accessory pigments |
| Reaction Center | special pair of chlorophyll a molecules |
| photosystem | term for a grouping of pigments, containing 250-400 pigments; most are antenna pigments |
| Photosystem I | the chlorophyll a of the reaction center is called P700 because it has an absorption peat at about 700 nm |
| Photosystem II | the chlorophyll a of the reaction center is called P680 because it has an absorption peak at about 680 nm |
| Photorespiration | in C3 plants, a process that occurs in hot, dry conditions due to an increase in the relative amount of oxygen; rubisco fixes oxygen, instead of CO2, which is in short supply, and photosynthesis is partially countered |
| Kranz anatomy | a leaf structure in C4 plants, where each vein is surrounded by thick-walled bundle-sheath cells, which are in turn surrounded by thin-walled mesophyll cells; this structure combats photorespiration |
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