Alkanes

General

Statement	Missing Words
In a Lewis structure, the ___ in a carbon chain don't matter	bends
___ differ in the way the atoms are connected to each other	constitutional isomers
A ___ is bonded to one other C atom	primary carbon (1o carbon)
A ___ is bonded to two other C atoms	secondary carbon (2o carbon)
A ___ is bonded to three other C atoms	tertiary carbon (3o carbon)
A ___ is bonded to four other C atoms	quaternary carbon (4o carbon)
A ___ is on a C bonded to one other C atom	primary hydrogen (1o H)
A ___ is on a C bonded to two other C atoms	secondary hydrogen (2o H)
A ___ is on a C bonded to three other C atoms	tertiary hydrogen (3o H)
The general molecular formula for an acyclic alkane is ____	CnH2n+2
The general molecular formula for a cycloalkane is ___	CnH2n
The suffix ___ identifies a molecule as an alkane	-ane
An ___ is formed by removing one hydrogen from an alkane	alkyl group
methyl is abbreviated ___	Me
ethyl is abbreviated ___	Et
butyl is abbreviated ___	Bu
tert-butyl is abbreviated ___	t-Bu
secondary is abbreviated ___	sec-
tertiary is abbreviated ___	tert-
___ means a ring is present	cyclo-
___ are biomolecules that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water	lipids
___ are biomolecules composed of many nonpolar C-H and C-C bonds, and have few polar functional groups	lipids
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Energy and Conformations

Statement	Missing Words
___ are different arrangements of atoms that are interconverted by rotation about single bonds	conformations
In the ___ conformation, the C-H bonds on one carbon are directly aligned with the C-H bonds on the adjacent carbon	eclipsed
In the ___ conformation, the C-H bonds on one carbon bisect the H-C-H bond angle on the adjacent carbon	staggered
The staggered conformations are ___ than the eclipsed conformations	more stable (lower in energy)
___ is an increase in energy caused by eclipsing interactions	torsional strain
Conformations that are neither staggered nor eclipsed are ___	intermediate in energy
A staggered conformation with two larger groups 180o from each other is called ___	anti
A staggered conformation with two larger groups 60o from each other is called ___	gauche
___ is an increase in energy resulting when atoms are forced too close to one another	steric strain
Gauche conformations are generally ___ than anti conformations because of steric strain	higher in energy
Staggered conformations are at ___	energy minima
Eclipsed conformations are at ___	energy maxima
Unfavorable steric interactions increase ___	energy
The energy difference between the lowest and highest energy conformations is called the ___	barrier to rotation
___ is an increase in energy when bond angles deviate from the optimum tetrahedral angle of 109.5o	angle strain
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Statement	Missing Words
In cyclohexane, ___ hydrogens are located above and below the ring (along a perpendicular axis)	axial
In cyclohexane, ___ hydrogens are located in the plane of the ring (around the equator)	equatorial
In cyclohexane, axial and equatorial H atoms are interconverted during a ___	ring flip
In cyclohexane, the equatorial position has ___ than the axial position	more room
In cyclohexane, larger substituents are more stable in the ___ position	equatorial
Larger ___ substituents create unfavorable 1,3-diaxial interactions, destabilizing a cyclohexane conformation	axial
___ are isomers that differ only in the way the atoms are oriented in space	stereoisomers
In disubstituted cycloalkanes, the ___ isomer has two groups on the same side of the ring	cis
In disubstituted cycloalkanes, the ___ isomer has two groups on opposite sides of the ring	trans
A ___ isomer has two substituents on the same side, either both on up bonds or both on down bonds	cis
A ___ isomer has two substituents on opposite sides, one up and one down	trans
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Reactions

 

In the following table, Z stands for an element (like O, N, or a halide X) more electronegative than C (carbon).

 

Alkanes have only nonpolar C-C and C-H bonds and no functional group, so they undergo few reactions

 

Statement	Missing Words
___ is the loss of electrons	oxidation
___ is the gain of electrons	reduction
___ results in an increase in the number of C-Z bonds	oxidation
___ results in a decrease in the number of C-H bonds	oxidation
___ results in a decrease in the number of C-Z bonds	reduction
___ results in an increase in the number of C-H bonds	reduction
Loss of electron density is ___	oxidation
Compounds with many C-H bonds and few C-Z bonds are said to be in a ___ state	reduced
Compounds with few C-H bonds and more C-Z bonds are said to be in a more ___ state	oxidized
CH4 is in a highly ___ state	reduced
CO2 is in a highly ___ state	oxidized
Alkanes undergo ___, which means they burn in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water	combustion
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